1990年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖被授予美国科学家约瑟夫·默里(Joseph E. Murray)和唐纳尔·托马斯(E. Donnall Thomas),“因发明应用于人类疾病治疗的器官和细胞移植术(for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.)。”
1901年的首届诺贝尔生理学或医学奖被授予埃米尔·冯·贝林(Emil von Behring),“他的血清疗法,尤其在预防白喉方面的应用为医学科学领域开辟了新的道路;从此,医生们在面对病痛和死亡时有了制胜的武器(for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths)。”